Pragmatic Genuine Philosophy
Pragmatism is a philosophical system that is based on the experience and context. It may lack a clear set of fundamental principles or a cohesive ethical framework. This could result in an absence of idealistic ambitions and a shift in direction.
Contrary to deflationary theories of truth the pragmatic theories of truth do not reject the notion that statements correlate to states of affairs. They merely clarify the role that truth plays in everyday endeavors.
Definition
The term "pragmatic" is used to refer to people or things that are practical, rational and sensible. It is frequently used to differentiate between idealistic, which is a person or an idea that is based on high principles or ideals. A pragmatic person looks at the real-world circumstances and conditions when making decisions, and is focused on what can realistically be accomplished rather than seeking to determine the most optimal possible outcome.
Pragmatism is an emerging philosophical movement that focuses on the importance of practical implications in the determination of value, truth, or value. It is a third alternative philosophy to the dominant continental and analytical traditions. It was developed by Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, and Josiah Royce, pragmatism developed into two distinct streams of thought, one tending toward relativism and the other to realism.
The nature of truth is a major issue in the philosophy of pragmatism. While many pragmatists agree truth is a crucial concept, they are not sure what it means and how it is used in the real world. One method that is that is influenced by Peirce and James, is focused on the ways people solve questions and make assertions. It prioritizes the speech-act and justification processes of language-users when determining whether something is true. Another approach that is influenced by Rorty and his followers, focuses on the comparatively simple functions of truth, namely its ability to generalize, recommend and warn--and is not concerned with the full-blown theory of truth.
The first flaw with this neo-pragmatic view of truth is that it flirts with relativism, since the concept of "truth" is a concept with been around for so long and has such a extensive history that it is unlikely that it could be reduced to the common applications that pragmatists assign it. Second, pragmatism appears to reject the existence of truth in its metaphysical aspect. This is evident in the fact that pragmatists such as Brandom who owe a lot to Peirce and James, are largely in silence about metaphysics, while Dewey has made only one reference to truth in his many writings.
Purpose
The aim of pragmatism is to offer an alternative to analytic and Continental traditions of philosophy. The first generation of pragmatists was founded by Charles Sanders Peirce and William James along with their Harvard colleague Josiah Royce (1855-1916). The classical pragmatists were adamant about the importance of inquiry and meaning as well as the nature of truth. Their influence spread through many influential American thinkers including John Dewey (1859-1952), who applied the theories to education and other aspects of social development, and Jane Addams (1860-1935) who created social work.
More recently, a new generation of philosophers have given pragmatism a wider platform for discussion. A lot of these neopragmatists are not traditional pragmatists, but they consider themselves part of the same tradition. Robert Brandom is their main figure. His work is centered on semantics and philosophy of language, but also draws from the philosophy of Peirce, James, and others.
One of the main differences between the classic pragmatists and the neo-pragmatists is their understanding of what it takes for an idea to be true. The classical pragmatists focused on a concept called 'truth-functionality,' which states that an idea is genuinely true if it is useful in practice. Neo-pragmatists, on the other hand, insist on the notion of 'ideal warranted assertibility,' which says that an idea is true if a claim about it is justified in a specific manner to a specific audience.
There are, however, a few problems with this view. It is often accused of being used to support illogical and ridiculous theories. One example is the gremlin theory: It is a genuinely useful idea,
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read the article, it works in practice, but it is completely unsubstantiated and likely to be untrue. It's not a major issue, but it does highlight one of the main flaws of pragmatism: it can be used to justify nearly anything, and this includes many absurd ideas.
Significance
Pragmatic refers to the practical aspect of a decision, which is related to the consideration of real world conditions and situations when making decisions. It may also refer to the philosophy that focuses on practical consequences in the determination of truth, meaning or value. William James (1842-1910) first used the term "pragmatism" to describe this viewpoint in a speech he delivered at the University of California, Berkeley. James scrupulously swore that the word had been coined by his friend and mentor Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914) however, the pragmatist view quickly gained a name of its own.
The pragmatists resisted the stark dichotomies that are inherent in analytic philosophy such as value and fact as well as experience and thought, mind and body, analytic and synthetic, and the list goes on. They also rejected the notion that truth was something fixed or objective, and
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James utilized these themes to explore the truth of religion. John Dewey (1859-1952) was a major influence on the second generation of pragmatists, who applied the approach to education, politics and other aspects of social improvement.
In recent years, the Neopragmatists have sought to place the pragmatism in a larger Western philosophical context. They have identified the connections between Peirce's ideas and the ideas of Kant, other 19th-century idealists, and the emerging theory of evolution. They also sought to clarify the role of truth in an original a priori epistemology and developed a Metaphilosophy of the practical that includes views on language, meaning, and the nature and origin of knowledge.
However the fact that pragmatism is still evolving and the a posteriori approach that it came up with is an important departure from conventional approaches. Its defenders have been forced to face a myriad of arguments that are as old as the pragmatic theory itself, but have been more prominently discussed in recent times. Some of these include the idea that pragmatism fails when applied to moral questions and that its claim "what works" is nothing more than relativism that has an unpolished appearance.
Methods
For Peirce, pragmatic elucidation of truth was a key part of his epistemological strategy. He believed it was a way to undermine false metaphysical concepts like the Catholic understanding of transubstantiation and Cartesian certainty seeking strategies in epistemology.
For a lot of modern pragmatists the Pragmatic Maxim is all that one can reasonably expect from the theory of truth. They tend to avoid false theories of truth that require verification to be valid. Instead they advocate a different method, which they refer to as "pragmatic explication". This involves explaining the way a concept is applied in the real world and identifying conditions that must be met in order to be able to recognize it as valid.
It is important to note that this approach could be viewed as a type of relativism, and indeed is often criticized for doing so. It is not as extreme as deflationist alternatives, and is a useful way to get around some of the problems of relativist theories of reality.
In the wake of this, a number of liberatory philosophical projects, such as those associated to feminism, eco-philosophy, Native American philosophy, and Latin American philosophy, look for guidance in the pragmatist traditions. Moreover, many philosophers who are analytic (such as Quine) have taken on pragmatism with the kind of enthusiasm that Dewey himself could not muster.
Although pragmatism has a long tradition, it is crucial to recognize that there are also some significant flaws in the philosophy. Particularly, pragmatism fails to provide any meaningful test of truth, and it collapses when applied to moral issues.
Quine, Wilfrid Solars and other pragmatists have also criticised the philosophy. Richard Rorty and Robert Brandom are among the philosophers who have revived it from insignificance. Although these philosophers aren't classical pragmatists but they do contribute significantly to the pragmatism philosophy and draw upon the work of Peirce, James and Wittgenstein in their writings. Their writings are worth reading for those who are interested in this philosophy movement.
