Pragmatic Genuine Philosophy
Pragmatism places emphasis on experience and context. It may not have a clear ethical framework or foundational principles. This could result in the absence of idealistic goals or transformational changes.
Unlike deflationary theories of truth and pragmatic theories of truth do not deny the idea that statements are related to the state of affairs. They simply clarify the role that truth plays in everyday tasks.
Definition
The term "pragmatic" is used to refer to people or things that are practical, logical and sensible. It is often contrasted with idealistic which refers to a person or concept that is based on ideals or principles of high quality. When making a decision, the sensible person takes into consideration the real world and the circumstances. They concentrate on what is realistically achievable instead of attempting to reach the ideal course of action.
Pragmatism is an emerging philosophical movement that emphasizes the importance of practical implications in the determination of value, truth or value. It is a third alternative to the dominant continental and analytic philosophical traditions. It was founded by Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, and Josiah Royce, pragmatism developed into two competing streams of thought, one that tended towards relativism, the other towards realist thought.
One of the most important issues in pragmatism concerns the nature of truth. While a majority of pragmatists agree that truth is an important concept, they are not sure how to define it and how it is used in practice. One method, heavily influenced by Peirce & James, focuses on how people solve questions and make assertions and gives precedence to speech-acts and justifying projects that language-users use in determining if something is true. Another approach, inspired by Rorty and his followers, concentrates on the relatively mundane functions of truth--the way it serves to generalize, commend and warn--and is not concerned with a full-fledged theory of truth.
The first flaw with this neo-pragmatic approach to truth is that it flirts with relativism, as the concept of "truth" has been around for so long and has such a long-standing history that it appears unlikely that it can be reduced to the nebulous purposes that pragmatists give it. The second flaw is that pragmatism also appears to be a way of thinking that rejects the existence of truth, at a minimum in its metaphysical sense. This is evident by the fact that pragmatists such as Brandom who owe a lot to Peirce & James and are mostly in silence about metaphysics, while Dewey has only made one reference to truth in his extensive writings.
Purpose
The goal of pragmatism is to offer an alternative to the analytic and Continental styles of philosophy. The first generation of pragmatists was founded by Charles Sanders Peirce and William James, alongside their Harvard colleague Josiah Royce (1855-1916). These classical pragmatists focused on theorizing inquiry and meaning, and the nature of truth. Their influence spread to a number influential American thinkers, including John Dewey (1860-1952), who applied their ideas to education and social improvement in various dimensions. Jane Addams (1860-1935) was the social work pioneer who created social work also gained from this influence.
Recently, a new generation of philosophers has given pragmatism more space for discussion. Although they differ from the traditional pragmatists, a lot of these neo-pragmatists believe themselves to be part of the same tradition. Their main model is Robert Brandom, whose work is focused on semantics and the philosophy of language but who also draws on the philosophy of Peirce and James.
One of the primary differences between the classic pragmatists and the neo-pragmatists is their understanding of what it means for an idea to be true. The classical pragmatists focused on a concept called 'truth-functionality,' which states that an idea is genuinely true if it is useful in practice. Neo-pragmatists concentrate on the idea "ideal justified assertionibility," which says that an idea is true if it can be justifiable to a certain audience in a specific way.
There are, however, some issues with this theory. A common criticism is that it could be used to justify all kinds of absurd and illogical ideas. The gremlin hypothesis is a good example: It's a useful idea that works in practice but is unsubstantiated and likely absurd. This isn't a major issue, but it does highlight one of the major weaknesses of pragmatism: it can be used as a reason for just about anything.
Significance
Pragmatic means practical, relating to the consideration of real situations and conditions when making decisions. It could also refer to the philosophical position that emphasizes practical implications in the determining of meaning, truth or value. William James (1842-1910) first used the term pragmatism to describe this viewpoint in a speech at the University of California, Berkeley. James claimed he invented the term along with his mentor and friend Charles Sanders Peirce, but the pragmatist viewpoint soon gained its own fame.
The pragmatists opposed the stark dichotomies that are inherent in analytic philosophy, such as fact and value, thought and experience, mind and body, synthetic and analytic and so on. They also rejected the notion that truth was something fixed or objective, and instead treated it as a dynamic socially-determined concept.
Classical pragmatics primarily focused on the theory of inquiry, meaning and the nature of truth but James put these concepts to work by exploring the truth of religion. John Dewey (1859-1952) was an important influence on the second generation of pragmatists, who applied the method to politics, education and other aspects of social improvement.
In recent years, the Neopragmatists have tried to put the pragmatism in a larger Western philosophical context. They have analyzed the affinities between Peirce’s ideas and the ideas of Kant and other idealists of the 19th century and the new theory of evolution. They also have sought to clarify the role of truth in a traditional epistemology of a posteriori and to formulate a pragmatic metaphilosophy that includes an understanding of meaning, language, and the nature of knowledge.
Yet, pragmatism continues to develop and the epistemology of a posteriori that it developed is still regarded as an important departure from more traditional approaches. The pragmatic theory has been criticised for a long time but in recent times it has attracted more attention. This includes the notion that pragmatism collapses when it comes to moral issues, and that its claim that "what works" is nothing more than relativism, albeit with an unpolished appearance.
Methods
Peirce's epistemological approach included a pragmatic elucidation. He believed it was an attempt to debunk false metaphysical ideas such as the Catholic understanding of transubstantiation, and Cartesian certainty seeking strategies in epistemology.
The Pragmatic Maxim, according to many modern pragmatists is the most reliable thing one can expect from a theoretical framework about truth. They tend to avoid deflationist theories of truth which require verification before they are valid. Instead they advocate a different method they refer to as 'pragmatic explication'. This involves describing how the concept is used in the real world and identifying requirements that must be met to be able to recognize it as valid.
It is important to note that this method could be seen as a form of relativism, and indeed is often criticized for it. But it's more moderate than the alternatives to deflationism, and is thus a useful way to get around some of the problems with relativism theories of truth.
In the wake of this, a number of liberatory philosophical projects, such as those associated to eco-philosophy and feminism, Native American philosophy, and Latin American philosophy, look for
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While pragmatism has a rich legacy, it is important to recognize that there are also some fundamental flaws with the philosophy. In particular, pragmatism is unable to provide any valid test of truth, and it collapses when applied to moral questions.
Quine, Wilfrid Solars and other pragmatists have also critiqued the philosophy. However, it has been reclaimed from obscurity by a wide range of philosophers, including Richard Rorty, Cornel West and Robert Brandom. While these philosophers are not classical pragmatists, they do have a lot in common with the pragmatism philosophy and draw upon the work of Peirce, James and Wittgenstein in their writings. The works of these philosophers are recommended to anyone interested in this philosophical movement.
